Stalking: efectos en las víctimas, estrategias de afrontamiento y propuestas legislativas derivadas

  1. Carolina Villacampa Estiarte
  2. Alejandra Pujols Pérez
Revista:
Indret: Revista para el Análisis del Derecho

ISSN: 1698-739X

Año de publicación: 2017

Número: 2

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Indret: Revista para el Análisis del Derecho

Resumen

Para el análisis empírico del fenómeno del stalking, que ha sido recientemente incriminado como delito en el Código Penal español, ha resultado habitual la realización de estudios tendentes a determinar la tasa de victimización en población en general y en muestras conformadas por el sector poblacional más victimizado por este fenómeno, los jóvenes adultos, entre los que se cuenta la población universitaria, tanto en el mundo anglosajón como en algunos países fundamentalmente de la Europa central y del norte. Tales estudios, sin embargo, no se han centrado generalmente en analizar los efectos que el padecimiento de estos procesos de acecho tiene en las víctimas y la forma en que éstas afrontan tales sucesos. Tanto para abundar en esta cuestión como para poner fin a la ausencia de análisis empírico acerca de este fenómeno en España tras su incriminación como delito, se ha conducido esta investigación con una muestra de 1.162 estudiantes universitarios. En este trabajo se exponen los resultados que esta investigación arrojó con la submuestra de 152 estudiantes que se identificaron como víctimas en el conjunto de la muestra, analizando la afectación psicológica que les produjo el padecimiento de este tipo de conductas, de un lado, y las estrategias emprendidas para poner fin a la situación, de otro, con especial referencia a la delación y la denuncia de los hechos como específicos mecanismos de afrontamiento.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • AMAR, Angela Frederick (2007), Behaviors That College Women Label as Stalking or Harassment. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 13 (4), págs. 210-220.
  • AMAR, Angela Frederick / ALEXY, Eileen M. (2010), Coping with Stalking. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 31, págs. 8-14.
  • AUCOIN, Kathy (2005), Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2005. Stalking – criminal harassment. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Ottawa.
  • BALDRY, Anna C. (2005), From Domestic Violence to Stalking: The infinite Cycle of Violence en BOON, Julian / SHERIDAN, Lorraine, Stalking and Psychosexual Obsession: Psychological Perspectives from Prevention, Policing and Treatment, pàgs. 83-104.
  • John Wiley and sons, Chichester. BAUM, Katrina / CATALANO, Shannan / RAND, Michael / ROSE, Kristina (2009), Stalking victimization in the United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. US Department of Justice, Washington, DC.
  • BJERREGAARD, Beth (2000), An Empirical Study of Stalking Victimization. Violence and Victims, 15 (4), págs. 389-406.
  • BODELÓN, Encarna / IGAREDA, Noelia / CASAS, Gloria (2012), Violencia sexual acoso y medio al delito. Informe Español. Proyecto Europeo 2009-2012, Barcelona.
  • BUDD, Tracey / MATTINSON, Joanna (2000), The extent and nature of staling: findings from the 1998 British Crime Survey. Home Office Research Study 210, Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate, Londres.
  • BUHI, Eric R. / CLAYTON, Heather / SURRENCY, Heather Hepler (2008), Stalking Victimization Among College Women and Subsequent Help-Seeking Behaviors. Journal of American College Health, 57 (4), págs. 419-426.
  • BURGESS, Ann W. / BAKER, Timothy / GREENING, Deborah / HARTMAN, Carol R. / BURGESS, Allen G. / DOUGLAS, John E. / HALLORAN, Richard (1997). Stalking Behaviors Within Domestic Violence. Journal of Family Violence, 12, págs. 389-403.
  • CZAPSKA, Janina / KLOSA, Magdalena / LESINSKA, Elźbieta / OKRASA, Anna (2012), Genderbased violence, stalking and fear of crime. Country Report for Poland. EU Project 2009-2011, Polonia.
  • DOUGLAS, Kevin S. / DUTTON, Donald G. (2001), Assessing the link between stalking and domestic violence. Agression and violent behavior, 6, págs. 519-546.
  • DOVELIUS, Anna Mia / ÖBERG, Jonas / HOLMBERG, Stina (2006), Stalking in Sweden – Prevalence and prevention. Edita Norsteds, Estocolmo.
  • DUTTON, Leila B./ WINSTEAD, Barbara A. (2011), Types, Frequency and Effectiveness of Responses to Unwanted Pursuit and Stalking. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26 (6), págs. 1129-1156.
  • FELTES, Thomas / BALLONI, Augusto / CSAPSKA, Janina/ BODELÓN, Encarna / STENNING, Philip (2012), Gender-based Violence, Stalking and Fear of Crime. Research project 2009-2011. Research Report Publication. Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum.
  • FINCH, Emily (2001), The criminalization of stalking: constructing the problem and evaluating the solution. Cavendish Publishing, Londres.
  • FISHER, Bonnie S./ CULLEN, Francis T. / TURNER, Michael G. (2000), The Sexual Victimization of College Women. US Department of Justice, Washington, DC.
  • FRA – EUROPEAN UNION FOR FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS (2014), Violence against women: an EUwide survey. Main Results. Publications Office of the European Union, Viena.
  • FREIDL, Wolfang / NEUBERGER, Ilana / SCHÖNBERGER, Steven / RAML, Reinhard (2011), Stalking and Health – An Austrian Prevalence Study. Gesundheitswesen, 73, págs. e74-e77.
  • FREMOUW, William J. / WESTRUP, Darah / PENNYPACKER, Jennifer (1997), Stalking on Campus: The Prevalence and Strategies for Coping with Stalking. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42 (4), págs. 666-669.
  • HAUGAARD, Jeffrey J. / SERI, Lisa G. (2003). Stalking and Other Forms of Intrusive Contact After the Dissolution of Adolescent Dating or Romantic Relationships, en Violence and Victims, 18 (3), págs. 279-297.
  • HOFFMANN, Jens (2006). Stalking. Springer, Heidelberg. ISITUTO NAZIONALE DI STATISTICA (2007), La violenza e i maltrattamenti contro le donne dentro e fuori la familia, Anno 2006. Istat, Roma.
  • MATOS, Marlene/ GRANGEIA, Helena / FERREIRA, Célia / AZEVEDO, Vanessa (2011), Inquérito de Vitimação por Stalking. Relatório de Investigação, Grupo de Investigação sobre Stalking em Portugal. Universidade do Minho, Minho.
  • MELOY, J. Reid (1998), The psychology of stalking. Academic Press, San Diego.
  • NARUD, Kjersti / FRIESTAD, Christine / DAHL, Alv Andreas (2014), Stalking experiences and associated factors – A controlled population-based study from Norway. Nord Journal of Psychiatry, 68 (5), págs. 347-354.
  • NATIONAL UNION OF STUDENTS (2011), A study of women students’ experiences of harassment, stalking, violence and sexual assault. NUS, Londres. NICOL, Bran (2006), Stalking. Reaktion books, Londres.
  • OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS (2015), Chapter 4: Violent Crime and Sexual Offenses – Intimate Personal Violence and Serious Sexual Assault, en Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual Offences, 2013/14 Release. Office for National Statistics, Londres.
  • PODANÁ, Zuzana / IMRÍÅ KOVÁ, Romana (2016), Victims’ Responses to Stalking: An Examination of Fear Levels and Coping Strategies. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31 (5), págs. 792-809.
  • SCOTT, Adrian J. / RAJAKARUNA, Nikki / SHERIDAN, Lorraine / SLEATH, Emma (2014), «International Perceptions of Stalking and Responsibility. The Influence of Prior Relationship and Severity of Behavior», en Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41 (2), págs. 220-236.
  • SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT SOCIAL RESEARCH (2014), Scottish Crime and Justice Survey 2012/13: Sexual Victimization and Stalking. Justice Analytical Services, Edimburgo.
  • SPITZBERG, Brian H. / NICASTRO, Alana M. / COUSINS, Amber V. (1998), Exploring the Interactional Phenomenon of Stalking and Obsessive Relational Intrusion, en Communication Reports, 11 (3), págs. 33 47.
  • STENNING, Philip / MITRA-KAHN, Trishima / GUNBY, Clare (2012), Gender-based Violence, Stalking and Fear of Crime. Country Report United Kingdom. EU Project 2009-2011, Queensland.
  • TJADEN, Patricia / THOENNES, Nancy (1998), Stalking in America: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey. US Department of Justice, Washington, DC.
  • UNION OF STUDENTS IN IRELAND (2013), Say Something. A Study of Students’ Experiences of Harassment, Stalking, Violence and Sexual Assault. USI, Dublin.
  • VAN DER AA, Suzan (2010) Stalking in the Netherlands: Nature and prevalence of the problem and the effectiveness of anti-stalking measures, tesis doctoral. Disponible en https://pure.uvt.nl/portal/en/publications/stalking-in-the-netherlands(3b936c3f-0c354bd4-b31a-8cca2b707cd9).html (acceso 13 de diciembre de 2016).
  • VILLACAMPA ESTIARTE, Carolina (2009), Stalking y derecho penal. Relevancia jurídico-penal de una nueva forma de acoso. Iustel, Madrid.
  • VILLACAMPA ESTIARTE, Carolina (2015), “El delito de stalking”, en QUINTERO OLIVARES, Gonzalo (Director), Comentario a la reforma penal de 2015, Aranzadi, Cizur Menor, págs. 379-398
  • WESTRUP, Darah / FREMOUW, William J. / THOMPSON, Risa N. / LEWIS, Sarah F. (1999), The Psychological Impact of Stalking on Female Undergraduates. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44 (3), págs. 554-557.
  • ZONA, Michael A. / SHARMA, Krunal / LANE, John (1993), A comparative study of erotomanic and obsessional subjects in a forensic sample. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 38, págs. 894-903.