Educar entreteniendolos problemas de salud de los personajes femeninos en la ficción TV española

  1. Lacalle, Charo 1
  2. Gómez Morales, Beatriz 2
  1. 1 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
    info

    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

    Barcelona, España

    ROR https://ror.org/052g8jq94

  2. 2 Universidad Internacional de La Rioja
    info

    Universidad Internacional de La Rioja

    Logroño, España

    ROR https://ror.org/029gnnp81

Revista:
Signo y pensamiento

ISSN: 0120-4823

Año de publicación: 2018

Volumen: 37

Número: 73

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Signo y pensamiento

Resumen

El uso del entretenimiento en la comunicación mediática sobre salud viene siendo una estrategia habitual desde la década de los noventa; pero, aunque su eficacia ha sido reiteradamente probada, algunos estudiosos critican el sesgo de los mensajes y discuten sus beneficios. Esta investigación propone una metodología original que combina técnicas cuantitativas (SPSS) y aproximaciones cualitativas (socio-semiótica y script theory) para analizar la representación de la enfermedad, la discapacidad y el consumo de substancias tóxicas de los personajes femeninos de la ficción televisiva española. El análisis revela la ambivalencia entre la vocación didáctica de los relatos y la recurrencia de tópicos. Los resultados también muestran la escasa relevancia otorgada a la salud femenina ya la promoción de hábitos saludables.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Arrington, M. I., y Goodier, B. C. (2004). Prostration before the law: Representations of illness, interaction, and intimacy in the NYPD Blue prostate cancer narrative. Popular Communication, 2(2), 67-84. doi: 10.1207/s15405710pc0202_1
  • Barnes, C. (1992). Disabling Imagery and the Media. Halifax: Ryburn/British Council of Disabled People (BCODP). Recuperado de http://disability-studies.leeds.ac.uk/files/library/Barnes-disabling-imagery.pdf
  • Bouman, M. P. (2014). Entertainment-Education in Western Countries. En T. L. Thonmpson (ed.), Encyclopedia of Health Communication (pp. 1-3). Londres, Reino Unido: SAGE. Recuperado de http://www.media-gezondheid.nl/beheer/data/cmg.desh26.nl/uploads/Publicaties_en_downloads/Health_Encyclopedia_EE_in_western_settings_Martine_Bouman.pdf
  • Bouman, M. P., Maas, L., y Kok, G. (1998). Health education in television entertainment - Medisch Centrum West: a Dutch drama serial. Health Education Research, 13(4), 503-18.
  • Breed, W., De Foe, J. R., y Wallack, L. (1984). Drinking in the mass media: a nine year project. Journal of Drug Issues, 14(4), 655-664. doi: 10.1177/002204268401400405
  • Breed, W., y De Foe, J. (1981). The portrayal of the drinking process on prime-time television. Journal of Communication, 31(1), 58-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1981.tb01205.x
  • Bury, M. (2001). Illness narratives: fact or fiction? Sociology of Health & Ilness, 23(3), 263-285.
  • Byrd, E. K., Byrd, P. D., y Allen, C. M. (1977). Television programming and disability. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 8(1), 28-32.
  • Chang, J. E., y Roth, W. E. (2000). When Is Cranberry Sauce Shaped Like a Can? An Investigation of Cultural Capital, Gender and Consumption in Television Programming. En C. Otnes (ed.), Gender and Consumer Behavior, Volume 5 (pp. 107-124). Urbana, IL, Estados Unidos: Association for Consumer Research.
  • Christensen, P. G., Henriksen, L., y Roberts, D. F. (2000). Substance Use in Popular Prime-Time Television. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy.
  • Cooper, R. (2008). Prime Time; TV menopause, queerly a case for review. SQS. Journal of Queer Studies in Finland, 3(2), 30-37.
  • Cruz, J., y Wallack, L. (1986). Trends in tobacco use on television. American Journal of Public Health, 76(6), 698–699. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.76.6.698
  • Cullen, J., Sokol, N. A., Slawek, D., Allen, J. A., Vallone, D., y Healton, C. (2011). Depictions of tobacco use in 2007 broadcast television programming popular among US youth. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 165(2), 147–51. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.276
  • Cumberbatch, G., y Gauntlett, S. (2005). Smoking, alcohol, and drugs on television: a content analysis. London: Ofcom. Recuperado de http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/radio-research/smoking.pdf
  • Cumberbatch, G., y Negrine, R. (1992). Images of Disability on Television. London: Routledge.
  • Diefenbach, D. L. (1997). The portrayal of mental illness on prime-time television. Journal of Community Psychology, 25(3), 289-302. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199705)25:33.0.CO;2-R
  • Diefenbach, D. L., y West, M. D. (2007). Television and attitudes toward mental health issues: Cultivation analysis and the third-person effect. Journal of Community Psychology, 35(2), 181-195. doi: 10.1002/jcop.20142
  • Donaldson, J. (1981). The visibility and image of handicapped people on televisión. Exceptional Children, 47(6), 413–17. doi: 10.1177/001440298104700602
  • Elliott, T. R., y Byrd, E. K. (1982). Media and disability. Rehabilitation Literature, 43(11-12), 348-355.
  • Eslick, G. D., y Eslick, M. G. (2009). Smoking and The Simpsons. The Medical Journal of Australia, 190(11), 637-639.
  • Fouts, G., y Burggraf, K. (1999). Television situation comedies: female body images and verbal reinforcements. Sex Roles, 40(5), 473–481. doi: 10.1023/A:1018875711082
  • Fouts, G., y Burggraf, K. (2000). Television situation comedies: Female weight, male negative comments, and audience reactions. Sex Roles, 42(9), 925–932. doi: 10.1023/A:1007054618340
  • Fouts, G., y Vaughan, K. (2002). Television situation comedies: Male weight, negative references, and audience reactions. Sex Roles, 46(11), 439–442. doi: 10.1023/A:1020469715532
  • Fuenzalida, V. (1992). Telenovelas y desarrollo. Diálogos de la comunicación, 33, 35-40.
  • Fuenzalida, V. (1996). La apropiación educativa de la telenovela. Diálogos de la comunicación, 44, 91-105.
  • Fuenzalida, V. (2011). Resignificación de la educación televisiva: desde la escuela a la vida cotidiana. Una visión desde América Latina. Comunicar, 36, 15-23.
  • Furnham, A., Ingle, H., Gunter, B., y McClelland, A. (1997). A content analysis of alcohol portrayal and drinking in British television soap operas. Health Eduction Research, 12(4), 519–29. doi: 10.1093/her/12.4.519
  • Glasgow Media Group & Time to Change (2014). Making a Drama out of a Crisis: Authentic Portrayals of Mental Illness in TV Drama. Recuperado de http://www.time-to-change.org.uk/sites/default/files/Making_a_drama_out_of_a_crisis.pdf
  • Glick, D., Berkanovic, E., Stone, K., Ibarra, L., Jones, M. C., Rosen, B., … Richardes, D. (1998). Health Education goes Hollywood: Working with prime-time and daytime entertainment television for immunization promotion. Journal of Health Communication, 3(3), 263-282. doi: 10.1080/108107398127364
  • Gray, J. B. (2007). Interpersonal Communication and the Illness Experience in the Sex and the City Breast Cancer Narrative. Communication Quarterly, 55(4), 397-414. doi: 10.1080/01463370701657889
  • Greenberg, B S. (1981). Smoking, drugging, and drinking in top rated TV series. Journal of Drug Education, 11(3), 227-234. doi: 10.2190/DJ5P-KQW5-HPJC-QURL
  • Greenberg, B. S., Eastin, M., Hofschire, L., Lachlan, K., y Brownell, K. D. (2003). Portrayals of Overweight and Obese Individuals on Commercial Television. American Journal of Public Health, 93(8), 1342-1348.
  • Hanewinkel, R., y Wiborg, G. (2008). Smoking in a popular German television crime series 1985–2004. Preventive medicine, 46(6), 596–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.02.012
  • Hanneman, G., y McEwen, W. (1976). The use and abuse of drugs: An analysis of mass media content. En R. E. Ostman (ed.), Communication Research and Drug Education (pp. 65-88). Beverly Hills, CA, Estados Unidos: Sage.
  • Hansen, A. (1986). The portrayal of alcohol on television. Health Education Journal, 45(3), 127-131. https://doi.org/10.1177/001789698604500302
  • Harnett, A. (2000). Escaping the “evil avenger” and the “supercrip”: images of disability in popular television. Irish Communications Review, 8, 21–29.
  • Harris, L. (2002). Disabled sex and the movies. Disability Studies Quarterly, 22(4), 144–162. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v22i4.378
  • Hayes, M., Ross, I. E., Gasher, M., Gutstein, D., Dunn, J. R., y Hackett, R. A. (2007). Telling stories: news media, health literacy and public policy in Canada. Social Science and Medicine, 64, 1842-1852. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.01.015
  • Hazan, A. R., y Glantz, S. A. (1995). Current trends in tobacco use on prime-time fictional television. American Journal of Public Health, 85(1), 116–117. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.85.1.116
  • Hooker, C., y Pols, H. (2006). Health, Medicine, and the Media. Health and History, 8(2), 1-13. doi: 10.2307/40111540.
  • Hundley, H. L. (1995). The Naturalization of Beer in Cheers. Journal of Broadcast and Electronic Media, 39(3), 350–359. doi:10.1080/08838159509364311
  • Igartúa, J. J., y Casanova, J. V. (2016). Identification With Characters, Elaboration, and Counterarguing in Entertainment-Education Interventions Through Audiovisual Fiction. Journal of Health Communication, 21(3), 293-300. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2015.1064494
  • Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). (2008). Encuesta sobre discapacidades, autonomía personal y situaciones de dependencia. Recuperado de http://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176782&menu=resultados&idp=1254735573175
  • Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). (2013). Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2011 – 2012. Recuperado de http://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176783&menu=resultados&idp=1254735573175
  • Kaiser Family Foundation. (2004). Entertainment Education and Health in the United States. Recuperado de https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/entertainment-education-and-health-in-the-united-states-issue-brief.pdf.
  • Kanda, H., Okamura, T., Turin, T. C., Hayakawa, T., Kadowaki, T., y Ueshima, H. (2006). Smoking scenes in popular Japanese serial television dramas: descriptive analysis during the same 3-month period in two consecutive years. Health promotion international, 21(2), 98–103. doi: 10.1093/heapro/dal007
  • Lantz P. M., y Booth, K. M. (1998). The social construction of the breast cancer epidemic. Social Science and Medicine, 46(7), 907-918.
  • Longmore, P. K. (1987). Screening stereotypes: images of disabled people in television and motion pictures. En A. Gartner y T. Joe (eds.), Images of Disabled, Disabling Images (pp. 65–78). Nueva York, Estados Unidos: Praeger.
  • Lyons, A., McNeill, A., y Britton, J. (2013). Tobacco imagery on prime time UK television. Tobacco Control. doi:10.1136/ tobaccocontrol-2012- 050650
  • Makas, E. (1993). Changing channels: the portrayal of people with disabilities on television. En G. L. Berry y J. K. Asamen (eds.), Children and Television (pp. 255– 68). Newbury Park, CA, Estado Unidos: Sage.
  • Makoul, G., y Peer, L. (2004). Dissecting the doctor shows: A content analysis of ER and Chicago Hope. En L. D. Friedman (ed.), Cultural sutures. Medicine and media (pp. 244­-260). Durham, NC, Estados Unidos: Duke University Press.
  • Mathios, A., Avery, R., Bisogni, C., y Shanahan, J. (1998). Alcohol Portrayal on Prime-Time Television: Manifest and Latent Messages. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59(3), 305–310. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1998.59.305
  • Mazziotti, N. (2006). Telenovela y prácticas sociales. Bogotá: Norma.
  • McEwen, W. J., y Hanneman, G J. (1974). The depiction of drug use in television programming. Journal of Drug Education, 4(3), 281-293. doi: 10.2190/45GQ-RQ05-53AG-GEPY
  • McGee, R., y Ketchel, J. (2006). Tobacco imagery on New Zealand television 2002–2004. Tobacco Control, 15(5), 412–414. doi: 10.1136/tc.2006.016048
  • Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad (Msssi) e Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). (2013). Encuesta Nacional de Salud. España 2011/12. Serie Informes monográficos no 1. Consumo de alcohol. Madrid. Recuperado de http://www.msssi.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/encuestaNacional/encuestaNac2011/informesMonograficos/ENSE2011_12_MONOGRAFICO_1_ALCOHOL4.pdf
  • Murphy, S. T., Frank, L. F., Chatterjee, J. S., y Baezconde-Garbanati, L. (2013). Narrative versus nonnarrative: The role of identification, transportation, and emotion in reducing health disparities. Journal of Communication, 63(1), 116–137. doi:10.1111=jcom.12007
  • Parikh, N. (2007). Medicine and media: a symbiotic relationship? Virtual Mentor. American Medical Association Journal of Ethics, 9(3), 163-165.
  • Parsons, S., Rissel, C., y Douglas, W. (1999). Alcohol Portrayal in Australian Prime Time Television in 1990 and 1997. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 23(1), 67–71. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-842X.1999.tb01207.x.
  • Payton, F. C., Kvasny, L., y Kiwanuka-Tondo, J. (2014). Online HIV prevention information: How black female college students are seeking and perceiving. Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, 24(4), 520-542.
  • Pintor-Holguín, E., Rubio-Alonso, M., Herreros Ruiz-Valdepeñas, B., Corral-Pazos de Provens, O. J., Buzón-Rueda, L., y Vivas-Rojo, E. (2012). Series médicas en televisión vistas por estudiantes de medicina. Educación Médica, 15(3), 161-166.
  • Pirkis, J., Blood, W., Francis, C., y McCallum, K. (2006). On-screen portrayals of mental illness: Extent, nature, and impacts. Journal of Health Communication, 11(5), 523- 541. doi: 10.1080/10810730600755889
  • Powers, A., y Andsager, J. L. (1999). How newspapers farmed breast implants in the 1990’s. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 76(3), 551-564.
  • Programa de Encuestas sobre Alcohol y Drogas en España (Edades). (2014). Consumo, percepciones y opiniones ante las drogas. Recuperado de http://www.pnsd.msssi.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/sistemaInformacion/pdf/2015_Informe_EDADES.pdf
  • Razum, O., Weishaar H., y Schaeffer D. (2016). Health Literacy: strengthening agency for changing structures? International Journal of Public Health, 4, 153-189. doi: 10.1007/s00038-016-0788-x
  • Russell, C. A., Russell, D. W., y Grube, J. W. (2009). Nature and Impact of Alcohol Messages in a Youth-Oriented Television Series. Journal of Advertising, 38(3), 97–112. doi: 10.2753/JOA0091-3367380307
  • Russell, C. A., y Russell, D. W. (2009). Alcohol Messages in Prime-Time Television Series. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 43(1), 108–128. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6606.2008.01129.x
  • Seale, C. (2002). Media & Health. London: Sage.
  • Sharf, B. F., y Freimuth, V. S. (1993). The construction of illness on entertainment television: Coping with cancer on thirtysomething. Health Communication, 5(3), 141–160. doi:10.1207/s15327027hc0503_1
  • Signorielli, N. (1989). The stigma of mental illness on televisión. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 33(3), 325-331. doi:10.1080/08838158909364085
  • Singhal, A., Cody, M., Rogers, E., y Sabido, M. (eds.). (2004). Entertainment-education and Social Change: History, Research, and Practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Singhal, A., y Rogers, E. M. (1999). Entertainment‑education. A Communication strategy for social change. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Singhal, A., y Rogers, E. M. (2004). The Status of Entertainment-Education Worldwide. En A. Singhal, M. Cody, E. Rogers y M. Sabido (eds.), Entertainment Education and social change: History, research and practice (pp. 3-20). Mahwah, NJ, Estados Unidos: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Sone, T. (1999). Tobacco-related scenes in television dramas for young Japanese audiences. Tobacco Control, 8(3), 350.
  • Tufte, T. (2004). Eduentretenimiento en la comunicación para el vih/sida más allá del mercadeo, hacia el empoderamiento, Investigación & Desarrollo, 12(1), 24-43.
  • Valente, T. W., Murphy, S., Huang, G., Gusek, J., Greene, J., y Beck, V. (2007). Evaluating a minor storyline on ER about teen obesity, hypertension, and 5 A day. Journal of Health Communication, 12(6), 551-566. doi: 10.1080/10810730701508385.
  • Van Hoof, J. J., De Jong, M. D., Fennis, B. M., y Gosselt, J. F. (2009). There’s alcohol in my soap: portrayal and effects of alcohol use in a popular television series. Health Education Research, 24(3), 421 – 29. doi: 10.1093/her/cyn037
  • Verma, T., Adams, J., y White, M. (2007). Portrayal of healt-related behaviours in popular UK television soap operas. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61(7), 575–577. doi: 10.1136/jech.2006.050757
  • Wahl, O. (1978). Mental illness in the media: An unhealthy condition. Disabled USA, 2, 23-24.
  • Weaver, R., Wilson, I., y Langendyk, V. (2014). Medical professionalism on television: student perceptions and pedagogical implications. Health, 18(6), 597-612. doi: 10.1177/1363459314524804
  • Wilkin, H. A., Valente, T. W., Murphy, S., Cody, M. J., Huang, G., y Beck, V. (2007). Does Entertainment-Education work with latinos in the United States? Identification and the effects of a telenovela breast cancer storyline. Journal of Health Communication, 12(5), 455-469. doi: 10.1080/10810730701438690.
  • Wilson, C., Nairn, R., Coverdale, J., y Panapa, A. (1999a). Constructing mental illness as dangerous: a pilot study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33(2), 240–247. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00542.x
  • Wilson, C., Nairn, R., Coverdale, J., y Panapa, A. (1999b). Mental illness depictions in prime-time drama: Identifying the discursive resources. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33(2), 232–239. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00543.x